Low-Cost Phase Noise Measurement

Low noise crystal oscillators can exhibit exceptionally low close-in
phase noise which cannot be directly measured with a spectrum analyzer or
frequency discriminator. The most common measurement technique compares the
phase of an oscillator under test to a reference oscillator with similar or
superior noise performance. An ordinary PLL can make the measurement easier by
holding the relative phase of the two oscillators at quadrature which is usually
the best point for converting small phase variations into voltage variations.
Although the PLL is constantly working to eliminate these phase variations, the
time constant can be set long enough to preserve the slowest phase variations of
interest. A typical block diagram is shown below where the oscillator under test
and a reference oscillator are directly connected to a double-balanced diode
mixer. The mixer output is connected through a low pass filter to block the RF
frequencies to a phase lock amplifier. The resistors and capacitor are selected
to give a loop bandwidth well below the lowest frequency to be measured. The
phase slope is volts per radian and the tuning sensitivity is radians per second
- volt which is 2 pi Hz per volt.. (See: useful spreadsheets)

The low pass filter should remove radio frequencies but it shouldn't have a
roll-off frequency near the loop bandwidth or else the loop may become unstable
and it should be wide band enough to let the noise through at the highest
frequency of interest. The noise output is typically sent to a low noise
amplifier followed by an audio spectrum analyzer, wave analyzer, or filter. A
low noise amplifier may not be necessary if the analyzer noise floor is
sufficiently low.

Complications

The above scheme is simple in appearance but there are a number of choices,
complications and pitfalls.

First, the mixer converts phase variations into voltage variations with a
conversion sensitivity that must be determined.

One way to determine the conversion factor is to disconnect the
electrical tuning and adjust the oscillator frequencies until a beat note
can be observed at the output of the mixer using an oscilloscope. The slope
of the zero-crossing can be determined in volts per radian keeping in mind
that one full beat note corresponds to 2 pi radians. Pitfalls: The
amplifiers connected to the PLL may be overdriven by the beat note and cause
a measurement error. If they are disconnected, then the loading of the mixer
changes which may change the phase slope, especially if a low impedance load
is not used at the mixer output (for better phase slope). An amplifier that
can be switched to a lower gain without changing its input characteristics
is useful. Also, the positive and negative phase slopes may be different and
it becomes necessary to determine which slope is used when the loop is
locked. Different positive and negative slopes can indicate "injection
locking" caused by insufficient oscillator isolation. Buffer amplifiers or
even frequency multipliers will usually reduce or eliminate injection
locking. The phase slope is being checked at only one frequency and there
may be a non-flat frequency response, especially if an unusual mixer circuit
is used to enhance the phase slope. When only close-in noise is to be
measured or the noise floor is not pushing the limits of the measurement, it
is a good idea to terminate the mixer output with 50 ohms.

Another technique for determining the slope is to carefully determine
the sensitivity of the electrical tuning of one of the oscillators and apply
an audio signal to generate a precise frequency modulation. The oscillator's
electrical tuning network must have sufficient bandwidth to not roll off the
modulation signal and tuning non-linearity must be considered if the DC
point is moved. It may be advantageous to connect the PLL tuning voltage to
the O.U.T. so that the modulation may be applied to the reference oscillator
electrical tuning with a fixed DC bias. To measure the slope, lock the PLL
and apply a small audio tone at a low frequency (well within the tuning
bandwidth of the oscillator) and small enough to not overdrive the low noise
amplifier. The resulting radian modulation level is calculated from Xrad =
Vmod (volts) x Tuning Sensitivity (Hz/volt) / Tone Frequency (Hz). Measure
the signal height on the analyzer and the ratio of this measurement to the
calculated radian value is the phase slope. Some analyzers use a variable
measurement bandwidth and then normalize the noise measurement for 1 Hz.
Remember to turn off this bandwidth normalization (volts per root-Hz) when
measuring the phase slope or other non-random signals. You can also measure
the calibration modulation using an oscilloscope connected to the output of
the low noise amplifier.

Noise contributed by the PLL can cover the oscillator's noise. Use lower
value resistors and a low noise op-amp.

A low damping factor in the PLL can give a noise "bump" which exaggerates
the noise near the loop bandwidth frequency.

Large signals, line related frequencies and large amplitude low frequency
noise can cause amplifier overload which will cause false readings.

Audio noise on the grounds can get into the low noise audio amplifier and
cause false high readings. Shunt oven currents and other power supply currents
directly back to the power source instead of through the signal coax when
possible.

The simplified procedure for measuring the phase noise follows:

Measure the phase slope.

Connect the electrical tuning and PLL and low noise amplifier. Readjust
the oscillator frequency to achieve lock with the tuning voltage near the
middle of the tuning range. The LPF output should be near zero volts.

Measure the audio spectrum at the output of the low noise amplifier.

Here is an example of a typical measurement and the required
calculations:

Suppose a wave analyzer with a 9 Hz bandwidth measures 17 uVrms at 1 kHz and
the mixer has a phase slope of 0.8 volts/radian. Also assume that the low noise
amplifier has a gain of 60 dB. First, divide 17 uV by 0.8 volts/radian to
convert the voltage into radians. Now divide by the square-root of the
measurement bandwidth (sqrt(9) = 3) to normalize to 1 Hz bandwidth. Now
calculate the log (base 10) and multiply by 20. Subtract the amplifier gain
(60dB), subtract 3 dB if you are assuming the oscillators contribute equal noise
to the measurement, and subtract 3 dB to correct for the fact that the
measurement is actually double-sideband:

L(f) = 20log(17 x 10-6/(0.8 x 3))-60-3-3 = -169 dBc.

Measuring the phase slope using the beat note technique:

Disconnect the electrical tuning and the low noise amplifier. Connect an
oscilloscope to the LPF output. The scope input and trigger should be DC
coupled! Detune one oscillator until one full cycle fills the screen with a
fairly slow sweep speed. Increase the sweep speed by an exact factor of 100. The
full screen is now 0.02 pi radians. Adjust the trigger (not the vertical
position!) to measure the slope of the trace as it crosses zero volts. If the
trace is curved then try to estimate the line that best fits the curve at the
zero crossing. For example, if the trace (or best straight line) spans 50 mV
then the phase slope is .05/.02 pi = 0.8 volt/radian

Circuits

Audio Amplifier: It is fairly easy to build an excellent low noise audio
amplifier with ordinary op-amps. Many amplifiers are available with noise
voltage below 5 nV per root-Hz and a few exhibit noise below 1 nV. It is useful
to have the choice of AC or DC coupling and perhaps two gain settings. Use low
value, low noise resistors for gain setting. The technical library has an unusual amplifier circuit
featuring low noise junction FETs. This circuit provides 60 dB of AC-coupled
gain with three high-pass settings, a DC-coupled 30 dB setting and a 0 dB gain
setting for measuring phase slope. The phase lock amplifier includes a slew
switch to speed phase locking. The PLL input and the output are buffered. A new
Blue Top audio amplifier module (LNAA) is now available featuring noise below 1
nV/root-Hz and gain from 30 to 60 dB. The bandwidth is over 2 MHz at 30 dB gain.
The module has a high current output buffer and an optional 50 ohm input
termination. This module is new and a data sheet is in preparation.

PLL: The phase-lock amplifier can be an ordinary op-amp in most applications.
The amplifier schematic linked above includes a PLL amp. A complete PLL
including the phase detector, filter, lock amplifier and voltage regulator is
available in a Blue Top module (LNPLL).

Mixer, Filter: The best choice of mixer for phase noise measurement is the
ordinary double-balanced diode mixer. The filter that follows the mixer is not
particularly critical since the RF signals to be blocked are usually much higher
in frequency than the highest phase noise frequency of interest. Suitable Mixers
and filters are available from the Blue Tops line.

A commercial phase noise measurement system is another option. Systems are
available ranging in price from a few thousand to nearly one hundred thousand
dollars and the vendors range from  few-person companies to the largest
equipment manufacturers.